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Glycated Proteins/AGEs

Chitin is a β1–> 4-bonded biopolymer of N-acyl-D-glucosamine, and is the main component of exoskeletons and cell walls of various organisms including arthropods, nematodes, and fungi. However, it has not been found in vertebrates.

Chitinase, an enzyme that degrades chitin into oligomers, has been found to exist in a wide range of organisms including vertebrates, and two varieties of chitinase have been identified in mammals. One of these is chitotriosidase, which is produced by macrophages, and the other is acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), which is primarily secreted in the stomach.

Most chitinase-family proteins are found or identified in relation to arthritis, allergies, or parasitic infections accompanied by eosinophilia, and because they have been found to be strongly related to various pathologies, they are gaining attention as excellent biomarkers for understanding pathology.

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Chitotriosidase ELISA Kit and Chitotriosidase Fluorometric Assay Kit

Umi2_1Chitotriosidase was discovered in plasma of patients suffering from Gaucher’s disease; it was found that the 1,000-fold-elevated enzyme originates from lipidladen macrophages that accumulate in various tissues of Gaucher’s patients. This enzyme is a human chitinase member of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases, and has the capability to hydrolyze chitin. This enzyme is selectively expressed in activated tissue macrophages that accumulate in various tissues of several lysosomal diseases.

Elevated levels of serum chitotriosidase were also found in disorders caused by the abnormal activation of immune system, including sarcoidosis and atherosclerosis. It has been shown that chitotriosidase activity was elevated up to 55-fold in extracts of atherosclerotic tissue, showing a clear connection between chitotriosidase expression and lipid-laden macrophages inside human atherosclerotic vessel wall.

Related Products

Product 
Product Code Number
CircuLex Human Chitotriosidase ELISA Kit
CycLex® Chitotriosidase Fluorometric Assay Kit   

 

Anti-CML Autoantibody ELISA Kit

Although several AGE structures have been reported, it was demonstrated that Ne-(Carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) is a major antigenic AGE structure. It has been postulated that AGE structures present in vivo could serve as an immunological epitope to raise autoantibodies against AGE structures, particularly CML. It has been reported that the presence of autoantibodies against AGE structures, particularly those against CML adduct in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and patients with several diseases. The autoantibody against CML adduct was higher in patients with renal failure than in normal subjects or diabetic patients without renal failure. These results suggest that autoantibody against CML might play a possible role in the development of diabetic nephropathy or chronic renal failure. Therefore, it is suggested that measurement of serum RBP4 levels is useful tool for the identification of insulin resistance before the development of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations.

Related Products

Product
Product Code Number
CircuLex Anti-CML mouse autoantibody ELISA Kit

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